Pollution Essay: Strategies for Dealing With Global Warming :: Environmental Global Climate Change

Global warming effects the world on three different levels, the most obvious is the international level, hence national and local level. Global affects everybody and should the levels continue we could see significant sea level rises. Many countries are very bad offenders when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions oddly the U.S.A and the Russians. Due to this and many other climatic and diplomatic reasons, world summits are held every five years, Rio in 1992, Kyoto in 1997 and most recently Johannesburg in 2002. In the kyoto summit of 1997 an agreement was decided upon, in this pact all the countries that attended agreed to reduce carbon emissions down to the levels of 1990. All the countries that attended the talks subscribe up to the pact and agreed to reduce carbon emissions. Although they had signed up to it, the americans, could not ratify what they had agreed upon in kyoto because the senate did not pass it. By the clip of the johannesburg summ it in 2002, the Americans were being villified by the world press as they were now arduous to go back on the agreement they signed and trying to find loopholes. The U.S.A and other nations are trying to put forward the idea of convergence. This idea suggests that the developing world is allowed to increase their carbon emmissions and the developed world reduces theirs IMAGE image 1. Idea of convergence The idea suggests that the developing world is allowed to industrialise, while the developed world, with its technology and know-how reduce theirs to an acceptable level. On a national level, i leave behind look into two nations that are dealing with the kyoto agreement in different ways. The U.K is firmly sticking to what it signed up to in Kyoto, it is the leading country in carbon emission reduction and it is leading the way in many initiatives it has set up. It is leading the way in the use of low sulphur fuels, which do much less damage to the e nvironment.

The God Of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Essay -- God Small Things Aru

The beau ideal Of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Before going into the theatre to see The fathom of Music for the tercet time (35), Estha completes his first adult assignment (93). He goes to the bathroom on his own, while Ammu, Baby and Rahel accompany each other to the ladies room. This little detail virtually going to use the restroom foreshadows a nonher instance where Estha will be forced from being a child into manhood.Ammu tells Estha to shut UP (96) because he was render along to the nomenclature of the movies. Instead of shutting up, he leaves the theatre on his own account, because he couldnt help (96) but sing along to the words he knew. After completing his first adult assignment, his childlikeness comes out in having to sing the lyrics in a nuns voice (96). He did not know that this act of immaturity, in acting his own age, he would be shoved into yet another adult assignment, something that he kept as a low-pitched thing, but ended up as a Big Thing inside him.The Orangedrink Lemondrink earth scolded Estha for disturbing (97) him with his song. As soon as he is done call on the carpet him, his yellow piano key (97) teeth offered him a free drink. As Estha came, the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man already knew what he had in store for Estha. The Man asked him questions, and Estha, being a man and a child, had to answer. Where did he live? What did his family do? The Man handed Estha his penis (98) and made Estha masturbate him while he drank his lemon drink, and he had to, because the Man knew where to find him (104). After the Man was done with Estha, he sent him back into the theatre.Estha knew from this time that he would be love a little less if anyone knew what he had done with the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man. So he told no one. But in his head, a conversation was taking place between himself and Baron von Trapp, the father in The Sound of Music. Would von Trapp love him even though he was not white? Even though he blew spit bubblesshivered his legs held a strangers soo-soos? (101). Was he still acceptable to dumbfound a Babas love? He knew that it was out of the question. He could not love them (102). No father could ever love him.They leave the theatre because Estha the child, Estha the man, is sick. When they exit the theatre, the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man smiles at Rahel and offers her candy. She goes toward him, and is... ...lowing it to be made into another myth or to be erased by the present.The time was painted on to the wrist-watch that was buried under the History House. When that watch was leftfield to become one with the grass and the dirt, it captured many things. It made time stand still. It took away the desire to speak. This affected Ammu and Estha in everlasting ways. Ammu went mad before she died. Ammu hard-boiled Rahel as though she were still seven, when she was actually eleven, saying, It was as though she believed that if she refused to acknowledge the passage of time, if she willed it to sta nd still in the lives or her twins, it would (152). Estha changed dramatically as well. When childishness tiptoed out and silence slid in like a bolt (303), they went to where the watch was, buried with Ammus mind.In the ground of the History house, the time would remain at ten to two (121). Ten to two two small people against ten big people. Rahel and Estha trapped in a story (224) against Mamachi, Baby, Chacko, Margret, Sophie, Ammu, Velutha, Kochu Maria, Pillai, and the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man. Ten. Ten to Two. Where the God of Small Things, if he fought he couldnt win (207).

Transcendentalism: The Philosophy Of The Mind Essay -- essays researc

Transcendentalism The Philosophy of the Mind     Transcendentalism is the view that the basic truth of the universe liesbeyond the knowledge obtained from the senses, a knowledge thattranscendentalists ensure as the mere appearance of things (Adventures 162).Transcendentalists believe the mind is where ideas are formed. Thetranscendentalist ideas of God, domain, and the universe were not every original, butwere a conclave of other philosophies and religions.     One of the study questions of philosophy is "What is the nature of theuniverse?" Immanuel Kant was wholeness of the major Transcendentalists of his time.One of the major questions he asked was, "What is knowledge, and how is itpossible?" Transcendentalists believe that one really only knows personalexperiences, and that one can not know the universe which exists. Kant came tothe conclusion that there are two universes, one of experience, called the"Phenomenal Universe", and the other the "Noumenal Universe", the one of reason.The source is scientific and the other practical (Frost 42). Transcendentaliststhink there is a dimension of depth in everything that exists. They to a fault thinkthe spirit is what controls your physical side (Halverson 431). both(prenominal)transcendentalists say the earthly concern has no beginning in time, everything takesplace according to the laws of nature. The same people think there is notnecessarily an absolute world who causes the world to be (Frost 42).Transcendentalists think nature is a product of the mind, and without the mindnature would not exist (Santayana 42). These ideas come from the Romantictraditions which originated in England. The Romantics believed in spectralunity of all forms of being, with God, humanity, and nature sharing a universalsoul (Adventures 208).     Transcendentalists came to the conclusion that good and evil were thingsonly man could contr ol. Their belief of man is that man is part of the universeof objects and things. His knowledge is confined to ideas. He is able toreason, and he can form ideas of the outer world of God, freedom, andimmortality (Frost 53). Immanuel Kant said, "Always act in such a way that themaxim determining your conduct might as well become a universal law act asthough you can will that everybody sh... ... a bowl with many crevices and depressions in its contour. Whenone pours water into the bowl, it takes the shape of the bowl, filling all thecrevices. In the same way the environs pours impressions into the mind andthey are received by the mind and shaped according to the nature of this mind(Frost 257). Some transcendentalists think all minds are alike. They say allminds have certain categories such as totality, unity, plurality, and reality.Transcendentalists believe knowledge is limited to the combined role ofsensibility and understanding, both of which are concerned with sense andexpe rience, though in different ways (Hakim 98). They also think knowledge isuniversal (Frost 258). Some transcendentalists think the ideas are of the mindand cannot be applied to a world outside of the mind. They believe ideas are aresult of the kind of thinking organ which people have, and are determined byits nature.     Transcendentalism is a combination of beliefs, some of which are fromother religions and other people and their philosophies. It is a belief thatthere is another way knowledge is obtained, not only from the senses, but alsofrom the mind.

Essay --

Since the time of Parmenides in the 5th Century BCE, philosophers have been intrigued by the surviveence of a physical world and being in it. They have canvas the nature of being, existence, and reality in what is now known as ontology. Being part of (arguably) the largest branch of philosophy metaphysics ontologists have tried to dig deeper into questions of how things can exist and how they can be said to exist, have analyzed the similarities and differences, and have even broadened the spectrum all the way out to human life and what aspects make up a human being. However, ontology evolved and became more and more generally applied and philosophers started considering the ontology (existence) of God, or rather simply a supreme or all-powerful being. One of the most remarkable ontological arguments of the existence of God comes from Renee Descates who uses his argument of the existence of God as a way to develop a system of attaining certain (absolute) knowledge by clear and d istinct perception.In this essay, I will attempt to outline in detail Descartes ontological argument and its purpose, detail some of the most assure objections to the argument, and present compelling counterarguments to those objections.I. The Ontological Argument Descartes establishes the occurrence that he exists as a self-thinking entity and he believes this to be certain knowledge because he distinctly and clear descrys himself to be and he could not do so without existing and having the cognitive faculties to think this I am certain of my own existence because I clear and distinctly perceive it so I now seem to establish a general rule that whatever I clearly and distinctly perceive is true (III, 2). But there is one slight... ...t clear and distinct perceptions are true. For something to be clearly and distinctly perceived, we must be actively tending to it. The only reason for Descartes to bring God into the equation is to ensure that doubt does not overtake these perceptions in after we stop attending to them. Therefore, Descartes can in fact use clear and distinct perception to prove the existence of God. In the proof of Gods existence he uses clear and distinct perceptions which he is actively attending to, and so (by the established standard), they must be true. So now that God is proven to be true, this allows the thinker to not have to actively attend to his perceptions in order for them to be true, making the amount of perceptions one can have limitless.General Comments1. No fluff Theres some padding in your writing that doesnt contribute to your arguments at all. Avoid it.

Software Piracy :: Free Essay Writer

Softw atomic number 18 PiracySoftware Piracy A Big Crime With Big ConsequencesImaging for a moment that you come across an advertizement saying you can meet up with an individual who will break into a store, disarm all of the alarms and will hold the door open for you as you walk inside and take anything you wish. This criminal offence occurs every day on computer systems around the world including the earnings.This is a very serious difficulty and is very difficult to circumvent. Every computer user is both tempted and immersed in software piracy in its many forms. One of the most disturbing facts idler this crime is that many people who participate in the distribution of commercial software dont even know they are committing a crime. Software piracy is a very serious and widespread crime that must be acknowledged and dealt with.Software piracy is the unauthorized duplication and or distribution of copyrighted programs. on that point are two ways to be involved in softwar e piracy. The first is facilitation. Facilitation is the deliberate copying of copyrighted software and distributing it. An example would be an MIT assimilator named David LaMacchia. This individual served and maintained a computer that was connected to the internet that offered its users more than one million dollars worth of software free of charge. Mr. LaMacchia was caught by the authorities and was acquitted of this piracy due to the lack of legal standards for this crime. Another example is off local bulletin board systems. Many are run out of the offenders homes with just a phone line, a computer and a modem. Here members of this service can send and receive pirated software (otherwise known as warez) as their own pace and leisure. There are not just one or two of these bulletin boards around there are in fact many. Most lodge in large cities and the offenders are in most cases minors. As the computer gains a more stable hold on our society these bulletin boards a re replaced by the ones that are linked to the internet. By this individuals can anonymously put out copyrighted software for the use of any anonymous user of the internet such as the type of system that Mr. LaMacchia ran. The second way to be involved in software piracy is to be on the receiving end.

Software Piracy :: Free Essay Writer

computer software PiracySoftware Piracy A Big detestation With Big ConsequencesImaging for a moment that you come across an advertisement saying you can meet up with an individual who will break into a store, disarm all of the alarms and will hold the door open for you as you walk inside and take anything you wish. This criminal offence occurs every day on computer systems around the world including the internet.This is a very serious problem and is very difficult to circumvent. Every computer user is both tempted and immersed in software product program piracy in its many forms. One of the most disturbing facts behind this crime is that many people who participate in the distribution of commercial software dont even know they are committing a crime. Software piracy is a very serious and widespread crime that must be acknowledged and dealt with.Software piracy is the unauthorized duplication and or distribution of copyrighted programs. There are two ways to be come to in sof tware piracy. The start is facilitation. Facilitation is the deliberate copying of copyrighted software and distributing it. An example would be an MIT student named David LaMacchia. This individual served and maintained a computer that was connected to the internet that offered its users more than oneness million dollars worth of software free of charge. Mr. LaMacchia was caught by the authorities and was acquitted of this piracy due to the lack of legal standards for this crime. Another example is off local publicize board systems. Many are run turn out of the offenders homes with just a phone line, a computer and a modem. Here members of this service can practice and receive pirated software (otherwise known as warez) as their own pace and leisure. There are not just one or two of these publicize boards around there are in fact many. Most reside in large cities and the offenders are in most cases minors. As the computer gains a more stable hold on our society thes e bulletin boards are replaced by the ones that are linked to the internet. By this individuals can anonymously put out copyrighted software for the use of any anonymous user of the internet such as the type of system that Mr. LaMacchia ran. The second way to be involved in software piracy is to be on the receiving end.

Motivation and Learning in Physical Education

natural Education is undoubtedly important in the total development of the individual pupil. It is beneficial not only in the carnal sense exclusively also in the intellectual and emotional aspect of the child. In the physical sense, the childs physical self-concept is influenced by the results and accomplishments in effect and sports. Jarmo Liukkonin pointed out that the resulting self-concept relies heavily on social comparison process, this means that the reference group and the class environment contribute to the developing self concept (p 137).In view of the above, this paper intends to provide an overview of the packing situation in the physical gentility as well as an analysis of the issues in motivational acquirement in physical education, particularly on how effective are the assorted approaches to encyclopedism and teaching. This paper will also discuss on the application of the assorted theories about whether or not they are useful in the class populate instr uction. At the last part, is a case study of a particular pupil featuring particular issue on the students physical, intellectual, and emotional growth.In general the paper will be more on analysis of the motivational and learning process in physical education involving all the different factors such as teachers, students, the different approaches used, and the relevance of the different theories in physical education.Overview look into and knowledge in visible Education has been in rapid expansion over the last twenty years concerning the m any factors that influence the learning and teaching of the sensible Education. Colin A. Hardy and Michael Mawer pointed out that this learning and teaching include such issues as the context in which physical education teachers work, what teachers think about when they are teaching and planning their teaching, and the knowledge they require to teach effectively (p. 1). Colin Hardy and Michael Mawers view seemed to be pragmatic yet analytical of the learning situation of the physical education.They were quite critical also of the enormous years spent on research yet it was only in recent years that the real accent on physical education was put on the limelight. They contend that despite of such amount of time spent on research, Hardy and Mawer contends that it is only in current years that research has begun to provide an insight into what physical education teachers get about their social function and their lives in teaching, and what pupils themselves feel about the physical education they experience in schools.In order to understand fully the importance of physical education subject, the question why is physical drill observed deserves an answer. Katherine T. doubting Thomas cited the health benefit associated with physically active lifestyle as will as other physical advantages resulting from physical exercise. Thomas pointed out,One reason we value physical activity is the health benefit associated with physic ally active lifestyle. Other reasons are the developmental need to explore and master our environment, to express our selves through movement, and to feel satisfaction resulting from successful movement. Physical activity also provides an opportunity for affiliation. Being part of a groupas a fan, a team member, or a walking partnermeets human need (p. 5)Thomas thinking on this subject is certainly practical and seemingly based on substantial personal experience. Her statement sounds to be a good advice for any matchless whose health condition is not in the best state. Indeed, physical education truly brings a spread of physical benefit to our physical body.Other authors however accent the fall uponment of refinement in order to understand the motivation and behavior of physical activity such as in sport. Robert Daniel Steadward, Elizabeth Jane Watkinson, and Garry David wheeler noted some authors such as Nichols (1984, 1989) and Harters (1978) which pointed out the goal concep t opening. According to them, the concept of the achievement goal theory, refer to how people evaluate their competence. It assumes that individual are driven to demonstrate competence, and that perceptions of competence are critical determinant of motivated behavior.Analysis of the Issues in motivational Learning in Physical EducationThe issue that I found interesting is how effective are the different approaches to learning and teaching. Susan Piotrowski noted that there is no single approach is going to be the most effective way to cater for progression and continuity. She pointed out that several or all of these approaches need to be used together to achieved effective progression and continuity in the transfer from primary and secondary school. Piotrowski stated that what will work in any one situation depends on a number of factors, including the schools and their transfer structures and procedures, the head teachers, primary and secondary education teachers and their ability to work together collaboratively (p. 204).Piotrowski further stated that local anaesthetic conditions, facilities, expertise, and policies have a passenger car on the type of curriculum that can be realistically offered in both primary and secondary in any given area. It is quite easy to accept Piotrowskis view as it draws a practical option. Regardless of how others would look at the learning process, I regard it is complicated in the sense that physical education students have different level of intelligence, different cultural orientation, and physical and emotional developments, which affects their own learning process. hence Piotrowski wisely stated that there is no single approach is going to be effective, and that combining two or more of the various approaches may be more effective. On the other hand, Colin Hardy suggested that more pupil-centered and less direct teaching approaches would allow pupils to take a more independent and active role in decision making in physi cal education lessons. Ken Green and Ken Hardman, quoting Kane, (1976), Underwood (1988), and Wright (1995) identified differences in teaching approaches used in physical education either due to the demands of different activities or different intended out comes.Green Hardman pointed out that the recommendation, which suggest that in order to achieve the range of the learning outcomes, teachers should employ a miscellanea of teaching strategies to cater for differences in pupils abilities, attainment, needs, and ages (p. 112). Green and Hardman also recognized that there is a need for employing variety of teaching strategies. But they noted that this is because of the demands of the different activities, or the different intended outcome.Regardless of the reason, it is clear that there is a need for teachers to employ variety of approaches in the motivational learning in physical education, to insure progressive learning process. These approaches, however, must be suited to the loc al conditions, expertise of the teacher, facilities, and policies, all of which have bearing on the type of curriculum.An Application of the relevant theories from each topicTheories on motivation and learning in physical education have been formulated in an attempt to extend our disposition of the teaching and learning process. Among these theories, the theory of constructivism, the theory of behaviorism, and the theory of cognitive mediation are particularly helpful in understanding the learning process in physical education.Stephen J. Silverman and Catherine D. Ennis explained that Cognitive Mediation Theory recognizes the significance of reinforcement activities in the learning process. This explains that what students do in classes is an important step, or mediating factor, between what teachers do and what students learn (p. 151). According to them, what the students do in classes affect also what teachers do. Basically, these activities shape teachers lesson and students und erstanding of the lesson. Here is the full accounting of Silverman and Ennis regarding this theoryAlthough this modification seems so simple, it is a powerful reconceptualization of the role of the teacher. Rather than directly causing learning, as inferred in the process product paradigm, the teacher from this post has the job of structuring the learning environment in a way that encourages students to think and act in ways that will, in turn, enables them to learn (p. 151)The main architect of the constructivism theory is Von Glasersfeld (1987), which views students as active agents in their learning. According to this view, students brings with them to an educational setting prior knowledge and experiences from which they interpret and give meaning to their present experience (p. 151).Silverman and Ennis noted that in this theory, knowledge is not something transmitted from the teacher to the students but learner constructs knowledge through her or his interpretation of events from the framework of prior experience, in effect, building or constructing knowledge that has individual meaning. To apply this theory, teacher must relate the lesson on students sphere of experience and allow students to explore the given knowledge utilizing their own experience. As a result, students will gain meaningful experience out of the new knowledge learned in the classroom.On the other hand, adherents of behavioral theory express that the study of learning focused on the memorization of simple and rote elements and on the behavior of the learner. Silverman and Ennis pointed out, This view of learning focuses on the learner as a rather passive responder to externally imposed factors (p. 134). Silverman and Ennis stated that this theoretical lens views students as recipients and accumulators of knowledge, able to learn by listening to lectures, by rendition or by rote drill and practice of isolated decontextualized skills.This particular theory is very significant in most studies wherein students have to gain rudimentary understanding of theories of studies before finding the general concept such as in the case of nursing in which fundamental issues such as var. and health ethics must be memorized well before finding its relevance to the field of work.Learning all these theories provide ample understanding as to how students could learns best the subject of physical education. It means that teachers must employ the use of these theories in their teaching strategies in order to ensure efficient learning process. Physical Education as a subject is not that interesting for many students and in that case, teachers must make every learning situation a worthwhile experience. Hence, applying these theories can help learning enjoyable and fruitful.In the cognitive theory, students learn through the activities. It means, the physical activities in the physical education provide the pupils learning opportunity. In many cases, this subject is most of the tim e seventy-percent activities with thirty-percent lectures. Students are expected to learn from physical exercise of the techniques with occasional coaching from the instructors. They learn from trying and from their mistakes.Using Constructivism Theory, students learn by utilizing their own interest and socialization in the learning process. By relating physical exercises in their own experience will result to students acceptability of the learning situation, which may result to higher learning of the subject.Behavioral Theory could be applicable in terms of learning the theories of the subject. Here, students are expected to memorize different terminologies and techniques of the subject as well as history and rules of the game.Below is a case study of a student in high school who has an self-evident intelligence yet performing just above average student.Case Study of a StudentRick is a high school with taken for granted(predicate) sophisticated intelligence but performs merely ju st above average student in most of his academic subjects in school. Although, he excelled in Mathematics, but his ratings in his physical education class has been poor because he is not participating in all the physical education activities class. He has a lung caper that is why he does not participate in his physical education class.According to the theory of cognitive mediation, reinforcement activities in school such as physical activities in the physical education class, shape the teachers lesson and the student understanding. The theory of cognitive mediation implies that student learning can be cause by these activities too. In the case of Rick, although he has obviously sophisticated intelligence, yet his academic performance reflects merely that of above average student. Ricks problem is that because of his inactive physical condition, his learning potential is not fully consummated. Learning coming from his experience of the physical exercise is lacking.The theory of cons tructivism also teaches that experience provides learning aside from the class room instructions. The theory of constructivism emphasized that knowledge is not something transmitted from the teacher but learner constructs their knowledge through their experience. Ricks knowledge has been only a result of spoon-feed learning. He could have excelled in all his subjects had he tried himself to be involve in the physical activities in his physical education class. On the other hand, Rick can be a good model in the behavioral theory of learning as the behavioral theory emphasized that students are passive responder of the externally imposed factors.In general, the theories of learning have been great help in the learning process.Work CitedCapel, S. & Piotrowski, S (eds). 2000. Issues in Physical Education. London Routledge.Green, K. & Hardman, K. 2005. Physical Education Essential Issues. London Sage Publications CompanyHardy, C.& Mawer, M. 1999. Learning and Teaching in Physical Educati on. Great Britain Biddles Ltd.Liukkonen, J. 2007. Psychology for Physical Educators Students Focus, 2nd Edition. USA Human Kinetics.Silverman, S. & Ennis, C. 2003. Student Learning in Physical Education Applying Research to Enhance Instruction. USA Human Kinetics.Steadworth, R.,Watkinson, E. & Wheiler, 2003. G. Adapted Physical Activity. Canada University of Alberta Press.Thomas, K. 2003. Physical Education Methods for Elementary Teachers 2nd Edition. USA Human Kinesics.

Martin Luther King Jr Essay

Many find it interesting to glimpse inside the lives of famous thinkers in an feat to understand where such thought and intelligence is rooted. Famous thinkers have little in common with what makes them reach their level of achievement (Goodman & Fritchie, 2011). In that tone, here is a peek into the routines and rituals of Martin Luther King Jr. and Cornel West that writers, philosophers, and statesmen have depended on to keep their work on track and their thoughts flowing.Whether you need inspiration to make it by the next college semester of your bachelors degree, finishing up your masters degree program, or are working on a future popular novel, explore the contributions to society these men have created, how their personal, social, and political environments helped with their creativity, how they solve their ideas and problems, how their ideas were implemented, as well as what they could have adopte differently on with comparing their originative process.Martin Luther King made umteen contributions to society at the most difficult time. He helped African Americans gain civil rights and equality in America. He completed these contributions through actions the likes of the bus boycott that he led in Montgomery, Alabama. The boycott fought against city buses that refused to allow African Americans to sit in the front seats of the buses. This boycott led to a citywide boycott of the bus system until the rules were changed. He also led the march from Selma to Montgomery along with other protestors as they voiced their right to vote.Dr. King not only led marches but he also gave what is now famous speeches like Give Us a Ballot I Have a Dream Ive Been to the Mountaintop that also helped with his movement. Through the speeches Dr. King had the ability to reach many in delivering his thoughts and creativity toward his movement. Dr. King also published many books like Stride Toward Freedom The Montgomery Story, Strength to Love, Why We Cant Wait, and Where D o We Go From Here? These books also helped with Dr. Kings movement to reach people all over the United States to see his vision.Dr. Cornel West has a passion to communicate to a vast variety of publics in order to keep alive the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. telling the truth and charge witness to love and justice. Dr. West stated, You cant lead the people if you dont love the people. You cant save the people if you dont serve the people. Cornel West contributions to society has been monumental, he is a motivational speaker in politics, education, talk radio and even major apparent motion pictures.

Customer Satisfaction

Part 1 node Satisfaction and Loyalty Definition of Consumer Satisfaction The contentment of guest is considered as the popular topic at the practice on marketing and the research as academic in view of the fact that the primary(a) study of Cardozos (1965) on the effort of customers, their expectations and along with the contentment of them. In spite of taking umteen attempts for standardised and explaining the gladness of customer, there is not so much consensus conducting in relation back to the definition of the comfort of customer (Giese and Cote, 2000).The typical definition of customer satisfaction evict be provided as the evaluative judgment of lay consumption in relation to the certain product or renovation (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). It is considered as the forbiddencome of the cover of evaluative through which expectations of pre purchase are contrasted with proceeding cognizance in the time of or after the experience of the consumption (Oliver , 1980). The concept of the satisfaction of the customer is considered as the concept as retributory ab start widely recognized which is based on the theory of expectancy disconfirmation (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000).Oliver developed the theory which proposes that the level of satisfaction is considered as the outcome of difference among the performance as pass judgment and perceived. The occurrence of the satisfaction can be d whizz when an organization provides better product or serve than the expectation of the customers (Positive disconfirmation). In other side, dissatisfaction can be occurred while the worse performance is provided by the organization (Negative disconfirmation).It has been showed by studies that the results of business can be force directly and indirectly through the satisfaction of customer. It has been think by Luo and Homburg (2007) that the profitability of the business can be affected by the satisfaction of customer positively. The relationship a mong the patterns of the behavior of the customer has been investigated by the most of the studies (Dimitriades, 2006 Olorunniwo et al. , 2006 Chi and Qu, 2008 Faullant et al. , 2008).In accordance with these findings, the loyalty of the customer can be enhanced by the satisfaction of the customer along with this intentions of repurchasing are excessively enchantd by the satisfaction of customer which can be concluded with positive effects a positive word of embouchure leads to the positive publicity. By giving the major devotion towards the satisfaction of customer, not surprisingly there are so many researches have been done which are devoted towards the satisfaction determinants investigation.The factors as subjective and verifi open are assisting to determine the satisfaction for example subjective factors are the needs of customer, emotions etc.and the objective factors are the features of products and redevelopments. In application on the airlines industries, there has been occurred so many research studies through which attributes are examined which are found out by the passenger as of import in relation to the satisfaction of customer. It has been found out by Atkinson (1988) that customer satisfaction can be determined by proper scheduling, security, value for gold and the staff courtesy.It has been revealed by Knutson (1988) that scheduling, comfort, convenience of goods, prompt service, gum elastic and security, staff friendliness are required. It has been stated by Barsky and Labagh (1992) that passengers satisfaction can be influenced by the side of the employee, scheduling, goods security, landing on scheduled time etc. Akan (1995) conducted the study where it has been showed that airlines passengers satisfaction has the determinant of the staffs behavior, scheduling, timeliness, pricing of ticket, productivity and performance, robust schedule planning, etc.The conclusion has been drawn by Choi and Chu (2001) that the top factors of ai rline industries which can determine the satisfaction of the airline passenger are the quality of the staff, schedule planning, value, productivity, price of ticket etc. guest satisfaction and customer loyalty in Hilton Hotel In the past, touristry has been often considered as the natural outcome of environmental and cultural resources of a specific territory. In this view, the use of goods and go of hospitality enterprises cannot influence demand levels and is merely limit to the supply of serve to tourists.Le Blanc Nguyen (1996) suggest that marketing efforts should be directed to highlight the environmental characteristics of the location in order to attract cutting customers. The constant emergence of demand of touristic services, and the request for higher standards by the guests, has enforced the competition among hospitality suppliers and highlighted how the attractivity of the touristic destination is influenced by the standards of the services provided by the local hotels.In this scenario, providing high quality services and improving customer satisfaction are widely recognized as fundamental factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and touristry diligence (Barsky Labagh, 1992 Le Blanc, 1992, Le Blanc et al. , 1996 Stevens et al. , 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service quality break in ultimately mitigate their profitability (Oh Parks, 1997). In a competitive hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, somebody hoteliers must be fitted to satisfy costumers better then their counter gets (Choi Chou, 2001).To obtain loyalty and to outweigh other competitors, hotel providers must be able to obtain high levels of customer satisfaction for the service supplied. There are several studies that analyze the needs and the desires of tourists. A research by Wuest et al. (1996) delimit the perception of hotel attributes as the degree to which guests may find various(a) services and facilities critical f or their stay in a hotel.Hotels attributes such as cleanliness, price, location, security, personal service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, appealing image, and reputation are recognized as decisive by travelers to assess the quality of the hotel (Atkinsons, 1988 Ananth et al. , 1992 Barsky & Labagh, 1992 Cadotte & Turgeon, 1988 Knutson, 1988 McCleary et al. , 1993 Rivers et al. , 1991 Wilensky & Buttle, 1988). Part 2 Corporate culture Cultureis defined in varying terms by several(predicate) theorists. A opulardefinitionis the one provided by Schein (1985 9) A pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to oversee with the problems of externaladaptationand integral integration that has get goinged well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. The terms organizational cultur eand corporate culture are used interchangeably in the belles-lettres to refer to the culture pervading an organisation, be it a for-profitor a non-profit entity.Corporate culture is invariably influenced by natural or regional cultures, or macro-cultures (Hampden-Turner 1994 12). The emphasis onindividualismin US corporations, the emphasis on collectivedecision makingin Japanese firms, and the age old burra sahib culture of British companies in colonial days are all reflections of the influence of macro-cultures on corporate culture. Corporate culture is not entirely monolithic or uniform end-to-end the organisation. Within the overall culture, there are usually subcultures.For example,marketingand accounts personnel may have antithetic subcultures due to the differences in thenatureof their work andenvironment. The conflicts which sometimes arise among departments can be attributed to such differences. In a similar but broader vein there is a hotel culture, which in turn takes a different hold when the corporate culture of the Hilton chain is compared to that ofSheraton. Similarly, airlines legato have a different corporate culture that of TWA andSingaporeairlines are not the same.At International Hotel convocation AGs, fulfilling the individual needs of a clear defined target group has been a proven recipe for success in the groups corporate philosophy for long years. Our hotels precisely catch up with do themselves not only from each other but from those of the competition as well through their individual character and extraordinary architecture. Enthusiastic, qualified staff and positive(p) interaction based on partnership are adept as important to the International Hotel mathematical group as the fulfilment of our guests needs and the solution of individual, out of the ordinary problems.Each staff member in the business is responsible for actively realizing of these objectives seen as obligation at bottom his/her sphere of influence. . We both require from and promote creative thinking in our staff in order to provide our guests with concepts that embody Lindner quality beyond expectations. In this respect, everyone is allowed to make mistakes, too, because we consider mistakes a chance to learn and improve the quality of Lindner. Through believing in the capabilities of our staff and by guaranteeing their creative and personal development, we achieve a strong commitment and creative work.Together, we create values and reach new goals. Transparency, comprehensive information and a regular exchange between the staff members in our hotels support their further qualification. We manage our business in an honest, reliable, and fair way and our relationship with business partners is characterized by partnership, respect, and cooperation. It is with this foundation of integrity in partnerships that we achieve the invariable development of our International Hotel Group.Customer Satisfaction1. Do right things and do it righ t first time. This Total Quality focus Principle means that in work , one must be powerful enough to do what is right. A person must produce quality work, not just an ordinary work that would affect an ordinary experience, but something that will cause you to be productive enough. Do the right things and do it the first time reflects that a person is obliged to do what is right or just and once you do it, do it wish youve never done it before. Do it like it is your first time to do such, why?Because once you do something like it was your first, youll give your one hundred and one percent of effort to it because you wanted an assurance of success. Example, your manager gave you a project, he had consecrateed you this project so you have to give your best efforts to it. What you have to do is give your best while youre doing it. This only proves that you deserve to have this project and soon your boss will entrust more projects to you and maybe give you a higher position for doing a great job.2. Management by walking around. Another Total Quality Management principle is management by walking around. For me this means continuous improvement on what youre doing plus respect and teamwork all throughout. Management is not just about being the leader and leading your subordinates but being a good subordinate as well. Its best for a leader if he/she is also a good follower. As they say, a good leader is a good follower. When you learn to be a good leader you also learn how to pay respect to others. Giving respect is very much important in the industry.You cant stay long in your work if you wont give and take respect. Its like a mutual relationship that you have to develop in order to love your work. 1 must also have a strategic approach to improvement. One must not be settled and contented in being developed, because one must continue having productivity with his/her work. This will bring good effects in his/her work, because work is not just about going there t errestrial and doing the same old things because productivity and development will not surely go their way.Customer SatisfactionWhether the buyer is satisfied after purchase estimate on the offers performance inrelation to the buyer expectation. In general satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance relation to his/her expectations. If the performance falls short of expectation, the customer is dissatisfied. If the performance matches the expectationcustomer is satisfied. If the performance exceeds the expectation the customer ishighly satisfied.Customer satisfaction cannot be very difficult. After all you either satisfied with theservices you receive or you are not. If you dont you are not. If it is that easy, thenobtaining peoples opinion about how satisfied they are with relatively straightforward matter- or is it?. Customer satisfaction is a marketing tool and a definite valueaddad benefit. It is of ten perceived by customers as important as the primary productor service your organisation offers.It looks at what is involved from 3 different angles, the first is from the view of anorganisation wishing to understand, and appraises, how satisfied its customer are withthe products and services they receive from it. The second is from the perspective of aresearch confidence that has been asked to obtain feedback from customers and abouttheir experiences when dealing with companies. Finally it considers the issue from the perspective of consumers who participate in surveys, including both businesscustomers and members of general public.Customer satisfaction is a business term, is a measure of how products and servicessupplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and part of the four prospective of balancedscore card. IN a competitive market place were businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is s een as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key elementof business strategy customer satisfaction drives successful private sector business.High performing businesses have developed principles and strategies for achievingcustomer satisfaction. This musical theme presents a manakin or set of ideas for usingcustomer satisfaction principles and strategies to improve the quality responsiveness,and possibility of public sector privately provided services in vulnerable communities. The framework suggested that resident who live in tough neighbourhoods can besupported through customer satisfaction strategies to become empowered individualsCustomer SatisfactionPart 1 Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Definition of Consumer Satisfaction The satisfaction of customer is considered as the popular topic at the practice on marketing and the research as academic in view of the fact that the primary study of Cardozos (1965) on the effort of customers, their expectations and along wi th the satisfaction of them. In spite of taking many attempts for measuring and explaining the satisfaction of customer, there is not so much consensus conducting in relation to the definition of the satisfaction of customer (Giese and Cote, 2000).The typical definition of customer satisfaction can be provided as the evaluative judgment of post consumption in relation to the certain product or service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). It is considered as the outcome of the process of evaluative through which expectations of pre purchase are contrasted with performance perception in the time of or after the experience of the consumption (Oliver, 1980). The concept of the satisfaction of the customer is considered as the concept as most widely recognized which is based on the theory of expectancy disconfirmation (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000).Oliver developed the theory which proposes that the level of satisfaction is considered as the outcome of difference among the performance as expected and perceived. The occurrence of the satisfaction can be done when an organization provides better product or services than the expectation of the customers (Positive disconfirmation). In other side, dissatisfaction can be occurred while the worse performance is provided by the organization (Negative disconfirmation).It has been showed by studies that the results of business can be impacted directly and indirectly through the satisfaction of customer. It has been concluded by Luo and Homburg (2007) that the profitability of the business can be affected by the satisfaction of customer positively. The relationship among the patterns of the behavior of the customer has been investigated by the most of the studies (Dimitriades, 2006 Olorunniwo et al. , 2006 Chi and Qu, 2008 Faullant et al. , 2008).In accordance with these findings, the loyalty of the customer can be enhanced by the satisfaction of the customer along with this intentions of repurchasing are also influenced by the satisfaction of customer which can be concluded with positive effects a positive word of mouth leads to the positive publicity. By giving the major consideration towards the satisfaction of customer, not surprisingly there are so many researches have been done which are devoted towards the satisfaction determinants investigation.The factors as subjective and objective are assisting to determine the satisfaction for example subjective factors are the needs of customer, emotions etc and the objective factors are the features of products and services. In application on the airlines industries, there has been occurred so many research studies through which attributes are examined which are found out by the passenger as significant in relation to the satisfaction of customer. It has been found out by Atkinson (1988) that customer satisfaction can be determined by proper scheduling, security, value for money and the staff courtesy.It has been revealed by Knutson (1988) that schedulin g, comfort, convenience of goods, prompt service, safety and security, staff friendliness are required. It has been stated by Barsky and Labagh (1992) that passengers satisfaction can be influenced by the attitude of the employee, scheduling, goods security, landing on scheduled time etc. Akan (1995) conducted the study where it has been showed that airlines passengers satisfaction has the determinant of the staffs behavior, scheduling, timeliness, pricing of ticket, productivity and performance, robust schedule planning, etc.The conclusion has been drawn by Choi and Chu (2001) that the top factors of airline industries which can determine the satisfaction of the airline passenger are the quality of the staff, schedule planning, values, productivity, price of ticket etc. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Hilton Hotel In the past, tourism has been often considered as the natural outcome of environmental and cultural resources of a specific territory. In this view, the rol e of hospitality enterprises cannot influence demand levels and is merely limited to the supply of services to tourists.Le Blanc Nguyen (1996) suggest that marketing efforts should be directed to highlight the environmental characteristics of the location in order to attract new customers. The constant increase of demand of touristic services, and the request for higher standards by the guests, has enforced the competition among hospitality suppliers and highlighted how the attractivity of the touristic destination is influenced by the standards of the services provided by the local hotels.In this scenario, providing high quality services and improving customer satisfaction are widely recognized as fundamental factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and tourism industry (Barsky Labagh, 1992 Le Blanc, 1992, Le Blanc et al. , 1996 Stevens et al. , 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service quality will ultimately improve their profitability (Oh Parks, 1997) . In a competitive hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, individual hoteliers must be able to satisfy costumers better then their counterparts (Choi Chou, 2001).To obtain loyalty and to outweigh other competitors, hotel providers must be able to obtain high levels of customer satisfaction for the service supplied. There are several studies that analyze the needs and the desires of tourists. A research by Wuest et al. (1996) defined the perception of hotel attributes as the degree to which guests may find various services and facilities critical for their stay in a hotel.Hotels attributes such as cleanliness, price, location, security, personal service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, appealing image, and reputation are recognized as decisive by travelers to assess the quality of the hotel (Atkinsons, 1988 Ananth et al. , 1992 Barsky & Labagh, 1992 Cadotte & Turgeon, 1988 Knutson, 1988 McCleary et al. , 1993 Rivers et al . , 1991 Wilensky & Buttle, 1988). Part 2 Corporate culture Cultureis defined in varying terms by different theorists. A opulardefinitionis the one provided by Schein (1985 9) A pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of externaladaptationand integral integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. The termsorganisational cultureand corporate culture are used interchangeably in the literature to refer to the culture pervading an organisation, be it a for-profitor a non-profit entity.Corporate culture is invariably influenced by natural or regional cultures, or macro-cultures (Hampden-Turner 1994 12). The emphasis onindividualismin US corporations, the emphasis on collectivedecision makingin Japanese firms, and the age old burra sahib culture of British companies in c olonial days are all reflections of the influence of macro-cultures on corporate culture. Corporate culture is not entirely monolithic or uniform throughout the organisation. Within the overall culture, there are usually subcultures.For example,marketingand accounts personnel may have different subcultures due to the differences in thenatureof their work andenvironment. The conflicts which sometimes arise among departments can be attributed to such differences. In a similar but broader vein there is a hotel culture, which in turn takes a different hold when the corporate culture of the Hilton chain is compared to that ofSheraton. Similarly, airlines still have a different corporate culture that of TWA andSingaporeairlines are not the same.At International Hotel Group AGs, fulfilling the individual needs of a clearly defined target group has been a proven recipe for success in the groups corporate philosophy for long years. Our hotels precisely distinguish themselves not only from ea ch other but from those of the competition as well through their individual character and extraordinary architecture. Enthusiastic, qualified staff and confident interaction based on partnership are just as important to the International Hotel Group as the fulfilment of our guests needs and the solution of individual, out of the ordinary problems.Each staff member in the business is responsible for actively realizing of these objectives seen as obligation within his/her sphere of influence. . We both require from and promote creativity in our staff in order to provide our guests with concepts that embody Lindner quality beyond expectations. In this respect, everyone is allowed to make mistakes, too, because we consider mistakes a chance to learn and improve the quality of Lindner. Through believing in the capabilities of our staff and by guaranteeing their creative and personal development, we achieve a strong commitment and creative work.Together, we create values and reach new g oals. Transparency, comprehensive information and a regular exchange between the staff members in our hotels support their further qualification. We manage our business in an honest, reliable, and fair way and our relationship with business partners is characterized by partnership, respect, and cooperation. It is with this foundation of integrity in partnerships that we achieve the permanent development of our International Hotel Group.

Critically evaluate Samuel Huntington’s claims in “The Clash of Civilizations?” Essay

The abrupt end of the Cold War meant that the bipolar set of thinking which had dominated the sphere of World Politics for decades became obsolete. This tonic phase led to a renewal in thinking in the study of worldwide Relations dubbed the hundred schools of thought which led to a wide spectrum of visions ab give away the uncertain future of world affairs. One of the more prominent visions was the late professor Samuel Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations? published in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article, where he predicted a growing pattern of conflict based on differences in cultural, religious and historic identity of entities he labelled civilizations instead of the ideological differences of the Cold War Era. Huntingtons thesis was a Realist response to Fukuyamas 1992 book, The send away of History and the Last Man. Fukuyama argued that the post-1991 world was left with no viable ideological alternative to liberal democracy and the free market economy predicting a new era of glob al consensus on democracy, justice, human rights and cooperation.The nation will continue to be a central pole of identification, even if more and more nations acquire to share common economic and political forms of organization. i Huntingtons premise was that The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. kingdom states will remain as the most powerful actors in world affairs but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur amongst nations and groups of contrasting civilizations.ii The controversial nature of Huntingtons thesis ensured the stern critique by some of his curse word academics for reasons including oversimplification, neglecting contradicting factors and inaccurate predictions. The tragedy of 9/11 and the events that followed revived the confidence in his thesis by his supporters who saw this as the conformation of Huntingtons predictions notably the inconsolable clash surrounded by Islam and the West.Huntingt on begins by describing the historical evolution of the nature of conflicts in the western World from the competition between monarchs and emperors for territorial and mercantile expansion leading to the emergence of nation states beginning with the cut variety, to the rise of ideological conflict after the Bolshevik Revolutioniii. His Eurocentric bias is clear early as he quotes and perpetuates an vagary put forward onward by William Lind that these were primarily Western Civil Wars.Labelling World War II, the deadliest armed services conflict in account statement which involved the majority of the worlds nations, as such greatly diminishes the involvement and sacrifices made by people across the world. Notably the Soviet Union which was mainly composed of nations Huntington would regard as slice of a Slavic-Orthodox civilization sustained the highest amount of casualties totalling at around twenty-seven millioniv.Later in the paragraph, Huntington writes peoples and govern ments of non-Western civilizations no longer remain the objects of history as targets of Western colonialism but join the West as movers of history as if to suggest that events occurring in non-western parts of the world somehow do not constitute as history if they dont involve or learn a felt effect upon Western society.Although the leadership of the West in fields such as science, technology and engineering for the larger part in recent centuries is indisputable Jewish philosophy, Hindu mathematics, Muslim astronomy and engineering contributed significantly to the foundations of what we bop straightaway and this shouldnt be undermined. The sharing and borrowing of ideas between the different corners of the world through the millennias thats still going on today suggests a long-term cooperation instead of a clash of civilizations in our common pursuit of knowledge.According to Huntington a civilization is the highest cultural mathematical group of people and the broadest take of cultural identityv. He divides the worlds population into seven civilizations as well as hinting at the possibility of a Caribbean and an African civilization Africa being indeed a continent known for its vast diversity of cultures and traditionsvi. He defines a civilization by what he calls objective elements such as language, history and primarily religion as well as by the subjective self-identification of people.Huntington argues the onset of globalization has led to increased levels of interaction between peoples of different civilizations, which in turn intensifies civilization consciousness and brings to the forefront their cultural differences which unlike ideological and political differences are fundamental and much less mutable and hence less easily compromised. Its clear that people instinctively identify themselves closely to others who share common traditions, customs and history I hold the view however that Huntington downplays the penetration of globalization a nd focuses on one aspect of its possible consequences.Its not the differences that drive cultural conflict between peoples its the deprivation of understanding which in turn creates prejudices and fears. The increased interactions between peoples mystify led to a wider acceptance of and fascination with other cultures, helping us understand why foreign societies live the way they do. Huntington argues Russians cannot become Estonians and Azeris cannot become Armenianvii. An Estonian living in Russia will absorb aspects of Russian culture depending on ones willingness, length of stay and the extent to which one feels alienated or accepted by Russian society.Thus the objective elements invoked are not convincingly definitive in determining ones identity an Englishman may choose to convert to Islam date a Chinese citizen in ingrain may choose to learn French as a pastime. Globalization in itself has penetrated the long-standing limitations in global trade of the past politicians ev er increasingly have to consider the global implications of domestic policy. More than ever national states around the world are dependent upon each other the United States Demands Chinese goods while China needs the US to buy its goods.Huntington ascribes ideas such as constitutionalism, human rights, the rule of law, free markets and democracy as Western unable to gain a foothold in other civilizations. He writes Modern democratic government originated in the West. When it has developed in non-western societies it has usually been the product of the western colonialism or inflictionviii. suggesting that somehow peoples of other civilizations may not be able to sustain or see the benefits of a form of democratic governance.The people of India would point out that democratic government was formed in their country despite, not because of the Westix. Today more than two-thirds of the worlds governments operate in some form of democracy, which reaffirms the idea that democracy is a u niversal value, contradicting Huntingtons view of its general Western exclusivity. If asked, most Middle-Easterners would prefer the idea of a democratic to authoritarian governancex the limitation of democratic development in the region however is a product of the unstable and incompatible political landscape rather than the irreconcilability of the culture.Defining the religious aspects of the Western Civilization, Huntington justifies the grouping of Protestant and Catholic Christians into a single entity by emphasizing shared experiences in European history such as the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution which in turn separates them from the Orthodox Christians beyond Central Europexi. Although it is evident that the closer proximity of those events has influenced Protestants and Catholics more than their Orthodox counterparts, the closer resemblance of Catholic and Orthodox practices and beliefs as opposed to Protestants is however neglected.Huntington consistently appeals to religion as the primary source of cultural identity, rightly so, to a Christian the creeds of their religion have a gravid influence on their world view and thus how they would identify themselves. When speaking of the Islamic civilization however, Huntington doesnt seem to make the effort to differentiate between the major denominations of Shia, Sunni and Sufism which have so strongly influenced the historical and especially current political landscape of the Middle-East.In a passionate attempt to warn his fellow Americans of the potential threats that their country may face in the post-Cold War environment, Huntington essentially perpetuated ideas that were dangerous and self-fulfilling. The existence of a Confucian-Islamic connection that may threaten the West set forth by Huntingtonxii is yet to be empirically verified, as the Chinese and US economies remain inter-linked and Barrack Obama moves towards a policy of dialogue in the Middle-East. Given the history of US foreign policy, legislators would have found Huntingtons paradigm easy to understand and convenient in terms of implementation.A worldview of distrust towards foreign powers that demands the maintaining of military superiority in the name of security panders to the powerful military industrial complex in the US. In order to maintain peace, global stability and have any hopes of dealing with transnational issues such as global warming, policy makers should regard all nations as members of the world community and work closer with multinational organizations such as the UN and WTO in establishing universal laws. The alienation and coercion of other governments will indeed create an atmosphere of antagonism and hostility.