Potato Salad Americans Essay Example for Free

Potato Salad Americans EssayEating a Healthy Diet Assignment ? enterprise a New Recipe (10 pts) 1. Go to the cookery Light website or any other website that gives you healthy recipes and chose a recipe you would like to try. Website you used Cooking light . com Recipe you chose ? copy and paste the recipe including nutrition information in the space below. How to Make Potato Salad Americans can definitely agree on one thing Potatoes are our favorite veggie. Each of us eats about a whopping 130 pounds per year. During the summer months (if not year-round), you can safely bet that loads of potatoes find their way into the ubiquitous potato salad.Honestly, can you perk up a cookout or picnic without one? Despite regional interpretations, theres in truth one basic way to make this popular dish. And here, well show you how to master the technique and turn out a variety of unique, healthy salads. tint One Cut to Size Cut potatoes into uniform shapes and sizes so theyll cook evenl y. If theyre different sizes, some will become mushy man others still have an undesirable crunch. Low-starch varieties, like red potatoes, work best in potato salads. shout Two Start in Cold Water.Be sure to break down with cold water when boiling potatoes. This works to solidify the outer surfaces and helps prevent them from getting too soft as the interior cooks, so the potatoes will bemuse their shape nicely in a potato salad. Step Three Add Dressing Make the dressing while the potatoes cook, and toss them with the dressing while theyre still warm so theyll absorb maximum savor. If using dairy products, like sour cream, allow the potatoes to cool slightly before tossing to prevent curdling.Step Four Add Additional Flavors and Ingredients Customize your salad. For example, add your favorite veggies, fresh herbs, or salad greens. You can even give the salad an international flair Lemongrass adds Thai flavor chutney lends an Indian taste. 2. Try out the recipe, take a picture o f you with the prepared meal and report back to class what you thought of this recipe. Would you recommend it? leave you make it again? Anything you would change the next time? To get full credit for this assignment, you need to show your picture to your instructor. Initial of instructor.

Office of Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Office of Human Resources EssayI am writing in response to your opening of an Administrative Support Assistant at the Northampton Campus. My professional experience with administrative duties and customer service would make me a good candidate for this positionI am capable of handling a variety of services and functions from proficient knowledge of Word, Excel and Power Point to problem solving and customer service resolutions. In me, you will discover a reliable, detail oriented and hardworking professional associate.Id like the opportunity to tell you more about my work experience and how my skill groom could contribute to the successful day-to-day running of your operation.

Import Substitution Policy Versus Export Led Growth Strategy

Import Substitution Policy Versus Export Led Growth StrategyThe Countries conduct two different strategies for industrialization import substitution and tradeation promotion for their international trade. Whether to adopt import substitution or export promotion trade strategy is controversial bother throughout the years for the countries. This issue forms a debate between Trade Optimists who support outward looking development policy, which envisages the free trade and free movement of goods and the Trade Pessimists who believe that the accompany mustiness write its own destiny, and do non cooperate with other countries Tadora, (2006) p621. In 1950s and 1960s import substitutors are outweigh this debate by becoming popular in most of the developing countries but after the late 1970s export promoters become to a greater extent powerful.The both policies support advantages and disadvantages. In this report, I explicate out firstly constitute some information with respect to th ese two policies and then critically analyze advantages and disadvantages of these two policies.Import SubstitutionLow-income countries must industrialize to become more developed but as they could non compete with already modify markets, firstly they have to protect themselves from the imports, which came from already industrialized and highly productive economies and concentrate on their production in order to achieve this goal. Bruton, (1997) p904. They have to reach a level, which make them compete with contrasted industries in all over the world.Import substitution policy could be defined as stupefyting various barriers to the importation of foreign goods to reduce the countries foreign dependency and providing these goods by producing them domestically Ray, (1998) p657.The import substitution policy could be varied among the goods. The capital good and consumers goods are treated differently. Consumer goods had been imported more strictly with the campaign the consumer goods could be produced with less cost and the production of the capital good requires more intense capital and more complex technology. Bruton, (1997) p908. So mostly developing countries put bans on importation of consumer goods but not capital goods.As stated above, in order to provide import substitution, a protection is required. This protection could be supplied by government intervention. There are several ways to restrict the importation. low gearly, it could be provided by tariffs and quatos. Tariff is the percentage that is applied to the value of and imported situation with the resulting sum of money going to the government. In the presence of tariff, the potentials import has been substituted by domestic production Ray, (1998) p657. Whereas the quato gives the maximum quantity on a particular good. higher up that limit, no more of that good can be imported into the verdant.The other instrument, which restricts import, is the exchange rate. If the domestic currency wi ll be overvalued, the price of the imported will be high and domestic good will be low Bruton, (1997) p912. When the exchange rate is higher, it will be more expensive to purchase foreign product imports. If for example, the government wants to overvalue its currency to make the foreign imports more expensive in domestic market, it may keep the currency from circulation. For example, if we assume that thither is a claim of 1 million US Dollar but only the 500 thousand US Dollar has been issued to economy by government. This straightaway increases the price of US Dollar.It is believed that the import substitution encourages the learning of new techniques of production (as they are afforded with this protection) and the labors skills are improved with the experience, which provides increase in productivity of the firm Ray, (1998) p669. withal this, import substitution strategy in a single industry can besides be beneficial in other industry by creating additional beseech that sha ll increase the employment and income. In conformity with these advantages, as per the data obtained by Maddisson (1995), there is an overall positive development (in terms of gross domestic product growth rate, investment rate) in the countries that conduct import substitution policies.However starting from 1960, the negative consequences of import substitution starts to show itself and today it is mostly reliable that import-substituting strategy becomes unsuccessful in most of the countries.In the light of the information gathered from Bruton (1997) p917. and Tadora (2006) p631, the negative effects of import substitution could be summarized as followsFirst of all, the import- point industries remain inefficient and costly to operate, as they are not competing with international industries and they do not need to make any interrogation and development. So it is not in flush to argue that industrialization has been inhibited with this strategy. Since there is inefficiency, the unemployment will automatically will increase within this respect. Secondly, although some industries were conducted with import substitution policy, most of them acquired by foreign companies and they transfer their profits abroad rather than investing them in the domestic industries. Thirdly, the newly established domestic industries specialized for production of consumer goods created a demand for importation of intermediate goods, but the danger is that there appears the need for import of intermediate goods in order to produce final goods inside the country and earthshaking part of the profit transferred to the foreign countries. In addition to this, as the local currency is overvalued, -which increase exports price and decrease the imports- the local farmers become less militant in the international market. Besides this, since it does not have any interactions with other countries, the country will be less affected in case of spherical economic crisis.Also, import substituti on strategy has a negative effect on exporters. As the exchange rate increases, domestic goods, which are produced in natural industries, become expensive which will detrimentally affect the export. Both the decreasing exports and increasing dependence on foreign intermediate goods makes the trade balance worse. This circle leads countries to borrow money to overcome their trade deficit.Import substitution strategies were conducted most nations in Latin America from the 1930s until the late 1980s. Over the limit, 1949-1964, the total demand in manufacturing was growth significantly Ray, (1998) p675. however when the world economy went into recession in the 1970s and 1980s, Latin America went into worst economic crisis because of its foreign debt and it also changed its policy towards export orientation.Export PromotionAs the distortions and failure of the import substitution policy is recognized, the export strategy gains importance for the countries. The case of Taiwan and sout h-central Korea is significant in this respect Bruton(1997) p920. They started to export the goods in 1960s and they remarkably increase their growth from that period.Import substitution is sharply contrasted with outward (export) oriented approach. In the export promotion, radical attention is given to the foreign trade and exports. Bruton(1997) p904. Basic goal is to maintain domestic economy to open the foreign capital. Export oriented approach has become popular in last 15 years and many countries has changed their policy from import to export oriented. Bruton(1997) p905.Generally rather than the exporting direct products, manufactured products are encouraged by governments of developing countries to be exported. The most of the developing countries have a comparative advantage in such primary products and they do not want to be dependent to other countries Ray, (1998) p678.Unlike import substitution, the tariffs and quotas on imports are reduced for exporters in order to enco urage exportation. In addition to this, the banks are providing more easy and flexible terms to exporters. Governments can also make some payments to specific products to encourage the export of goods cheaper to foreign consumers and give some exemptions and incentives for those who want to export. According to Bruton (1997) p924-925, the export-oriented strategy helps Taiwan and South Korea to overcome their balance of payment problems, increase their employment, and improve the knowledge of technology and quality of the product. iodin obvious benefit of the export promotion is that it provides more visible gains Ray, (1998) p677. Because as there is competition in the international market, the goods are provided more cheaply. The allocation of resources could be done more efficiently and the cost of the production will be much more less (Salvatore, Hatcher, 1992). It also increases economic growth and it generates required foreign exchange that can be used to import goods Tadora ( 2006) p640. As the exporters are in the competitive market, they have to improve their quality and they have to conduct research and development studies within this respect.It is argued that although import substitution has more immediate positive effects on economy on the short term, the export promotion has more long run positive effects. Tadora (2006) p640.Outward oriented strategy helps country to use its capital for progress by not facing any barriers in relation to payment of debt. As it is stated in above, inward oriented policy is a significant reason why Latin America have faced with debt issue. (Dollar 1992)Although there are significant numbers of empirical result, which proves that there is a correlation between outward oriented strategy and growth rate, as it is more dependent to external factors and foreign countries economies, it can create unexpected results. The success of the export-oriented policy is dependent to foreign demand. In order to form a successful expor t oriented policy, it is crucial to envisage future demand of such market, the ability of any government to forecast is not totally come-at-able as the information with regards to supply and demand can be vary easily in relation to external factors.In the light of the above information, it is correct to argue that both of the strategies are totally not perfect. The success of the strategy depends fluctuations in the world economy. When the world economy is growing significantly in the period 1960 to 1973, the countries who applied export promotion have more advantages but when the world economy slowed down between the period 1973 to 1977, the countries having import oriented strategy get less effected. It is widely accepted that export oriented economies are more effective when the external demand is high. Besides, the success of the export strategy is changing from country to country. While China benefited from this strategy, Thailand, Indonesia faced a lot of difficulties. In add ition to this, it is stated by Todora (2006) that even the most successful East Asian export promoters have pursued import substitution strategy in some of its industries. In other words, export promotion or import substitution policies could not be implemented entirely to all industries.

Organizations for Elderly Care

Organizations for Elderly Cargon in that respect are numerous milestones that we experience as we produce from childhood to old geezerhood. Each milestone plays a signifi brookt role in the growth and development of every individual. In these living events our family, friends and significant separates are there to witness these and even share with the joys and the dis participations as well.Getting old is inevitable. It is not something we can prevent from happening or even put a halt on it. How we age depends on how we decease our peppys. Some may dread even the idea of getting old while others are expression forward to it.According to unexampled Zealand Statistic (2010), the population of citizens senescent 65 years and above comprises 11 per cent of the entire population as of 1991 and is forecasted to reach 21 per cent the year 2031. New Zealand is one the countries with an ageing population and so with this information at hand, the government and private sectors has es tablished a fare of go in frame to aid the ageing population as they face the physical changes of agingOrganizationsAge Concern is a non-profit organization committed to ageing New Zealanders. It provides promiscuous and confidential function addressing to issues on elder abuse and neglect every(prenominal) throughout New Zealand. The immemorial as well their economic aid arrive atrs are given support by a team of professional staff who also halts the role of an advocate so that the senior citizens will be able to have a happy, healthy and safe lifestyle. Psychological, physical, financial, neglect, sexual and institutional abuse of the elderly will also be dealt. redevelopment providers are fitted out(p) with the skills and knowledge to recognize signs of elder abuse and neglect and act on it. The ageing citizens are treated with utmost respect thus promoting dignity. The organization gives the enough attention to the needs of the senior citizens by acknowledging its existence and providing the necessary help rather than ignoring it.Grey power is an organization which stands as an advocate for the rights and welfare of New Zealand citizens in the 50 plus age free radical. It aims for the ageing residents of the country to enjoy and experience quality health mission all throughout the country. It also represents the congresswoman of the elderly so that their needs are given attention and be heard by the government as well as acquiring and having the services necessary in the maintenance of their health, as well as the promotion of their security and dignity.Deaf Aotearoa New Zealand is a non-profit organization that caters its services to people with perceive disabilities of any gender and age. It promotes awareness of the rights of deaf people and it access and advancement to New Zealands sign language. It works with ageing citizens with hearing disabilities and their significant others to contri scarcee them understand the importance and the need for the deaf citizens to find part in the society in order to continue living a close to regular if not normal life. Information is also disseminated to the public in order to break down misconceptions, worries and barriers pertaining to having a hearing disability.Alzheimers New Zealand is a not for profit organization will outgrowths throughout the country in order for people to have access to information, support and services to ageing people with Alzheimers disease extending it to their significant others, partners, relatives and friends in order for them to slowly cope up with the demands of caring for someone with the degenerative disease. Information is also available to the public and the someone with the disease to aid them in understanding, diagnosing and assessing the disease as well as the management of financial demands of taking electric charge of someone with dementia.HealthEd is free website provided and updated by the Ministry of Health and the Health Promotion Agency open to all New Zealanders. It provides information pertaining to health in order to promote, enhance and safeguard the health of the citizens. The website offers free online information to the ageing citizens in order for them to make the right decisions in living a healthy lifestyle and the appropriate nutrition in order for them to maintain good health. Resources are also available in the website about the degenerative diseases that one may be have or a family ingredient may experience as they age as well as health problems that comes with age and how to cope up these arising health issues and its effects to the rest of the family.Types of Service OrganizationsHospice care is a concept of care for terminally ill ageing people or individuals allowing them to live the remaining days of their life with dignity. It does not tension on curing the disease moreover rather on devising the elderly or resident live a comfortable way of life as possible. Its approach to care is palliative and not curative so to say. Its services include pain management, providing the needed physical, psychosocial, emotional and spiritual economic aid of the elderly as well as their significant others in order for coping to take place. The manner of care rendered is not dependent on the agency but it is designed to the personal desire of the resident and the family.Residential Care is a type of service rendered to only a small group, usually a group lesser than 10 residents. Residents are housed in one residence with a home-like setting. Residents are offered lodging and meals are freshly prepared daily. In most cases, residents making use of these kind of service are those seniors who are still capable of doing things on their own at a certain level of independence but nevertheless nursing aids are present to assist them with activities of daily living like bathing, eating and g rooming should the residents need it. This is a non- aesculapian custodial care setti ng and the atmosphere of the homes is kept as personal as possible giving the residents a sense of being in their own homes. Apart from the assistance with the performance of activities of daily living the residents receive, the facility also provide them with custodial care like laundry services, housekeeping and transportation arrangement should the residents need to go to any scheduled appointments. In cases when residents have medications, a qualified staff will be there to remind them to continue with medication adherence, it not take part in its administration. Putting into consideration the ratio of care giver to residents, the elderly will surely be offered a lot of one-on-one pinnace loving care.Nursing home also known as skilled nursing facility, convalescent home, and rest home offers a standard of care to the elderly with medical needs outside of a hospital but in a residential setting. Custodial care is offered like assistance in getting out and in of bed, feeding, gro oming and other activities of daily living. Laundry services are also available and meals are also prepared fresh daily. There are scheduled activities that the residents can participate in. What set them apart from the residential care facility is its capacity to render a high level of medical care. A nursing home has a licensed physician supervising the health care of the residents and skilled nursing care is available at all times, as well as nursing aides are available to assist and render care to the residents. In here, residents may have their own room or it may be a shared set up.Domiciliary Care is care provided in your own home. A care provider comes to on a regular basis to a senior citizens home and help the resident with whatever assistance he or she needs be it with bathing, toileting, grooming, meal preparation, housekeeping and even laundry. The number of working hours for care provider depends on the resident requirements in some cases the care provider may even stay in or live with the resident. In this kind of care set up, the senior resident will experience one on one care with a health care provider in the comforts of his or her own home. neighborly Care Workers provide a varied range of services depending on the needs of the lymph gland and at times the financial capability of the lymph gland. When senior citizens are assessed to be experiencing geriatric conditions such as dementia, visual and hearing impairments and mobility restrictions but what to still live a life as normal as possible they often call the services of the social care providers. Social care workers come to the clients home to assist them with bathing, toileting, and grooming. They can also be available to prepare fresh meals for the clients. The work hours rendered by the social care worker depends on how much help is needed by the client, giving the client as much independence as possible so as to maintain a sense of self pride and dignity. Social care workers also s chedule interesting activities for the client to enjoy. Emotional support is also given as the heavy(a) go through the changes that come with age and advices are provided so that they may be able to cope up with these changes that may be caused by illnesses, age related problems and disabilities. The Social care worker also has the duty to see to it that the client regularly takes his/her medications and accompanies the client to scheduled appointments like doctors appointment or even hairdressers appointment and other personal appointments.Physiotherapy services. As a person ages, there are different changes that could happen regarding his health and mobility as well. Bones tend to get dense and a person may feel certain restrictions to mobility. These may be pathological in nature or due to trauma or injury. It is the role of the physiotherapist to help the elderly to fully use the functions of the dead body system to improve mobility and independence and keep the body systems to it maximum capacity. These services can also help in the prevention of the development of other problems that may arise later in life. In cases when feeler and maintenance of the bodys functional mobility is not achievable, the physiotherapist can still help to keep the elder pain free and comfortable as possible.Stigma, according to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or a group of people have about something. And as an individual approaches old age, there are a couple of major stigmas that are evident in the society and should be addressed to.Issue Social Isolation of the Individual and their FamilyThere are many factors that could add to a elderlys feeling of loneliness and social isolation. The release of a family member or a spouse, experiencing a degenerative disease, living alone, poor health and retirement are some of those reasons.RecommendationThere are certain factors that could contribute to an elderlys feeling of loneliness and isolation and some of these are beyond our control. The loss of a spouse or a significant other is one that is inevitable for death is the end cycle of life but we, the care providers can do something to lessen the feeling of loneliness that comes a loss of a love one and thus helping the elderly cope up with the loss. In Kindly Residential Care Home, there should be a scheduled group activities for the clients, be it a small or a big group. By this, we are paving a chance for each resident to be socially active and be with other elderly who are also experiencing the same thing. Sharing your thoughts and feelings about something with someone who can sympathize can someone give the elderly a feeling that he or she is not alone. It would also be a good idea for let the residents give their suggestions and ideas on the kind of activities that would be done in the rest home, in this way they will feel a sense of belongingness knowing that they can take part in structu ring the activities that they would be participating on. It would also be beneficial if remaining family members or even friends are encouraged to visit the residents on a regular basis in this way residents will know and feel that their existence is still of value to their family.

Prochaska and Di Clemente Stages of Change

Prochaska and Di Clemente Stages of ChangeThe transtheoretical feign of wobble is one of several moldings of wellness promotion use by health cargon sea captains in an effort to fuck and foresee health behaviours. The mystify is supported by sundry(a) authors as a successful tool and framework at heart health education. (Warner 2003) This date leave behinding introduce the model and briefly discuss its input to health promotion together with further developments since its beginning. A concise account of its use in present(a) health education will be given and referred to where applicable. The assignment will go on to discuss the relevance of the transtheoretical model of transmute within treat cause and provide an understanding of the model by explaining the primary(pre noneinal) theories. In addition the assignment will discuss and provide further discipline on what argonas impact on how the model is used and why.Further discussion will take account of the stre ngth of the approach used by this model and take on theories on why it is used giving consideration to the patient as well as the health disquiet professional. It is recommended that successful health education models keister be used to asses goals in order to engage in pre-emptive behaviour and consequently it is crucial that the model is explained in order to take full emolument of its use. (Downie et al. 1997, Ogden 2004)The approach will be investigated in order that the reader open fire form an opinion on its use and why it is needed within health education. It is acknow leadged that nursing and health care practice should be established on the approximately current and reliable interrogation available and harbours essential practice in partnership with equally the patient and other health authorities (NMC 2008). The writer hopes to establish the reader with the affectd information that satisfies these requirements and gives further discussion on how the transtheoret ical model of change can be applied to clinical practice. This will allow in criticisms and challenges against the model and look at how the model is included within broader professional health care such as current health promotion campaigns.Finally a resultant will be provided which will summarise the findings of this assignment and emphasise any significant features that add to the validity of the model and its use within health care.The transtheoretical model of change was developed by Prochaska and Di Clemente (1983) and grew from systematic desegregation of to a greater extent than 300 theories of psychotherapy, along with analysis of the leading theories of behaviour change (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997). Consequently following the inception of public- health programmes this model has been implemented and is used within current health promotion. (Wood 2008)wellness promotion is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO 1986) as the process of enabling populate to increa se oblige oer, and to improve, their health. Health education is considered an approach of health promotion which overly includes many theories, pictures and constructs in regards to effective intervention. (Tones 2001)The transtheoretical model of change focuses on the decision-making abilities of the individual(a) quite a than the kindly and biological influences on behaviour as other approaches tried (Velicer, Prochaska, Fava, Norman, and Redding, 1998 Scholl, 2002).This model was developed to provide a framework for understanding how individuals change their behaviours and for considering how ready they are to change their substance use or other lifestyle behaviour. The stages and processes by which people change seem to be the same with or with egress treatment these include the individuals perceptions of faculty to illness, severity of illness, barriers to changing behaviour, services to changing behaviour and finally action and maintenance. Although the model has b een adapted and modified to include further components for the purpose of this assignment it is necessary to explain the possibility behind the original before discussing modifications. (Ogden 2004, Bennett and Murphy 1997, Naidoo and Wills 2000)In addition it is showed that by using these concepts in the transtheoretical model of change it will anticipate the likelihood that behaviour will or will non change depending on the individuals perception.The idea of anticipating behaviour and and then adjusting intervention is supported by divers(a) researchers who argue that using cognitive models can assist in how individuals perceive health by conscious thought as to the behaviours and the cost of those behaviours. (Yarbrough and Braden 2001, Roden 2004a, Wood 2008)This supports health care professionals to allow the patient to change behaviours based on their own awareness as opposed to medical tactics to health promotion that ware been used previously. Ewles and Simnett (2003) recommend that using a client centred approach empowers the patient to change behaviour and independently manage behaviour and as a result the health care professional becomes a facilitator instead of an instructor. Using a client centred approach does not discount the benefits of the medical approach as it whitethorn require various tactics depending at what stage of the model the individual is determine as being at. til now by using an effective health promotion model, it encourages the patient to become an active participant and to a greater extent responsible for their health related decisions.Ogden (2004) describes the concept of an individuals perception of control on their health as the Health locus of control which will be discussed later within this assignment. Based on the understanding of individual perceptions influencing behaviour it reinforces the use of the components previously discussed and by face at these separately it is hoped that health care professionals w ill be able to detect the jeopardizes of behaviour and the probability of change. (Naidoo and Wills 2000, Ogden 2004)The previous mentioned components can be identified in the Transtheoretical model of change these include pre-contemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance. even the aspect that makes the transtheoretical model of change unique is the theory that change occurs over time, an aspect generally ignored by other models of change (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997 Velicer et al., 1998 Scholl, 2002).This temporal dimension of the theory suggests that an individual may progress through five stages of change when trying to adjust their behaviours (Prochaska and Di Clemente, 1983 Prochaska et al., 1992 Prochaska and Velicer, 1997). In the transtheoretical model of change, behaviour change is treated as dynamic, rather than an all or nothing phenomenon. This distinction is considered one of the theorys strengths (Marshall and Biddle, 2001).The first stage of change within t he transtheoretical model of change is the precontemplation stage, where individuals have no intention of taking action within the next six months (Prochaska et al., 1992 Prochaska and Velicer, 1997 Scholl, 2002). Individuals at this stage may or may not be aware of the mos of their behaviour (Prochaska et al., 1992Scholl, 2002) or may have tried to modify/change their behaviour and failed several times and as a consequence are dejected and unwilling to have another attempt (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997).Prochaska et al (1992) propose that the main characteristic of nearone in the precontemplation stage is that they struggle to use up that they have problem behaviour and as such they cannot move on from this particular stage of the model. In order for the individual to move on they must experience cognitive dissonance which is acknowledging that thither are negative aspects to continuing with this behaviour (i.e. smoking and the possibility of contracting lung cancer as a result) (Scholl, 2002). undermentioned on from precontemplation, contemplation is the individual trying to make significant changes within another six month period, this includes evaluating any benefits or disadvantages to the individual changing their behaviour (i.e. cost of smoking, as opposed to vent of social activity) as a consequence many people stay within this stage for longer (Patten et al., 2000 Prochaska et al., 1992 Prochaska Velicer, 1997 Velicer, 1997 Velicer et al., 1998). because the behaviour may seem more attractive than the change needed to be made (Scholl, 2002). This is known as chronic contemplation or behavioral procrastination (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997).Whilst within this phase the individual will still continue with the risky behaviour despite being aware of the consequences that this behaviour could cause (Patten et al., 2000).However it is widely accepted that someone within the contemplation stage is genuinely trying to resolve their problem behaviour (Pro chaska et al., 1992) and as a result will only move on to the next stage when the positive aspects of change outweigh the negative aspects of remaining the same (Scholl, 2002).Preparation proceeds contemplation and in this area of change the time scale for the individual to modify their behaviour reduces to within the next month (Patten et al., 2000 Prochaska et al., 1992 Prochaska and Velicer, 1997 Velicer et al., 1998).An individual in this stage has tried to change or adjust their behaviour within the last year and has been unsuccessful however this has not discouraged them from continuing to i.e. binge drinking, smoking, or misuse of drugs. As a result of this the individual is at a loss as to how to proceed with any changes and if they are ultimately able to make these changes given that they have up until now failed (Scholl 2002).In this instance a plan of action can be produced by the healthcare professional in order to severalise how to reduce or eliminate the problem beha viour and therefore give the person the opportunity to choose between alternative solutions i.e. smoking 10 cigarettes as opposed to 40 cigarettes a day or to stop smoking with the help of nicotine patches (Prochaska et al., 1992 Prochaska and Velicer, 1997 Velicer et al., 1998).Consequently when an individual feels confident and in control of the situation and has identified a suitable plan of action they will naturally move on to the next stage of the model (Scholl, 2002).The action stage follows on from planning and as a result efforts have been made to adjust the individuals, behaviours, experiences, or environments over the previous six months in order to conquer their predicament. This stage requires a considerable amount of time and energy and is the stage where the individual receives the most amount of attention from others because of their obvious hard work (Patten et al., 2000 Prochaska et al., 1992).However it should be say that research has stated not to mistake tryin g to change with actual change, this only occurs when the criteria is reached for the individual and will reduce the risks associated with their particular problem behaviour (Prochaska et al., 1992 Prochaska and Velicer, 1997 Velicer et al., 1998).Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross (1992) suggest that the main ways of severalizeing a person within the action stage is by the individuals obvious lifestyle changes i.e. healthy eating and documented load loss to a more acceptable criterion level.Progress into the final stage happens when the individual perceives positive changes to their lifestyle, health and as a result feels better whilst in any case receiving encouraging feedback from family, friends and health professionals (Scholl, 2002).Lastly the transtheoretical models maintenance stage is where people work to prevent a relapse and only after six months of being uncaring of the problem behaviour can it be recognised as the criteria of an individual being within the maintena nce phase.Research also recognises that maintenance is a lengthiness of change not an absence of it (Patten et al., 2000 Prochaska et al., 1992 Prochaska and Velicer, 1997 Velicer et al., 1998).Consequently individual perception is referred to the threat of illness and modifying factors can be referred to as behavioural response. In addition the likelihood of action is influenced by environmental cues. As a result the behaviour change occurs because of a threat to illness and therefore the behaviour changes or is adapted.Mc Clanahan et al. (2007), Warner (2003) and Clark (2000) all describe the threat as an individuals susceptibility to illness or disease. If an individual believes they are open to the illness or disease they may identify this as a danger to their health. This is only applicable if there is a significant risk factor such as smoking, diet, alcohol or drugs misuse. If an individual does not take into consideration their own vulnerability then it is unlikely that the transtheoretical model of change will be successful in predicting associated behaviour.Ogden (2004) suggests that perceived susceptibility can not be used as an effective predictor of behaviour change. Furthermore consideration must be applied to adolescents who are more likely to expose themselves to risks but be less aware of the consequences to their associated health.Naidoo and Wills (2000) suggest that health promotion can be challenging when dealing with young people in regards to risk behaviour as risk taking is essentially a part of adolescence. On the other hand it is usually accepted that if an individual perceives themselves to be vulnerable to a disease (i.e. lung disease from smoking) they will also consider the severity of that disease. (Daddario 2007, Simsekoglu and Lajunen 2007)The perception of severity or seriousness of a disease is subjective depending on the individuals understanding of the potential threat. Browes (2006) refers to the variance of perceived sever ity in relation to sexual health. The severity can vary from the belief that most diseases can be treated to the belief that sex can result in contracting potentially fatal diseases such as HIV.Therefore it may be necessary for the health care professional to encourage learning in relation to the severity of conditions in relation to the susceptibility. Finfgeld et al (2003) outline that to serve learning effectively it may be necessary for the health care professional to apply a more direct attitude which would involve the nurse addressing the increase of behaviour (susceptibility) as well as identifying potential risks (severity).However with this intervention the approach becomes nurse led as opposed to patient led which may com squall empowerment and likelihood that risk behaviour will return when the intervention is reduced. As a result the delivery of the necessary information to the patient may result in feeling of fear or guilt. Although it is suggested that fear and guilt can be effective in changing behaviours , it is criticised as it does not change behaviour long term and can contribute to feelings of denial and therefore affect the relationship between both patient and healthcare professional. (Naidoo and Wills 2000)Based on perceived susceptibility and severity the transtheoretical model of change believes that behaviour change will take place if the benefits outweigh the barriers to changing behaviours.However it is expected that potential benefits may be small compared to the barriers that prevent changes to behaviour. (Daddario 2007)Then again as previously discussed the transtheoretical model of change has had several modifications made to it in order to maximise its use within healthcare in order to apply it to other more complex health conditions.The psychologists who developed the stages of change theory in 1982 did so in order to compare smokers in therapy and self-changers along a behaviour change continuum. The idea behind this was to allow health care professionals to adapt a plan of action for each individual and as a result their therapy would be tailored to their particular needs. This process was then added to by a fifth component (preparation for action) as well as ten processes that help predict and motivate individual movement across the stages of the continuum. In addition, the stages are no longer considered to be linear but are components of a cyclical process that varies for each individual (Diclemente and Norcross 1992).Used correctly and by incorporating the various modifications to the model, it is recognised that the transtheoretical model of change can assist health care professionals in health education. However as a psychological theory, the stages of change focuses on the individual without assessing the role those structural and environmental issues may have on an individuals ability to enact behaviour change. In addition, since the stages of change presents a descriptive rather than a causat ive explanation of behaviour, the relationship between stages is not always clear. Consequently each stage of change may not be appropriate for characterising every population. An example of this would be the study of sex workers in Bolivia which highlighted that very few of the participants were actually in the precontemplative, contemplative stages with regards to using condoms with their clients (Posner, 1995).However mass media campaigns can motivate individuals to change behaviours by highlighting the benefits of safer sex by the use of condoms. The use of positive substances as opposed to negative messages within mass media campaigns increases the likelihood of retaining the relevant information for longer. (Bennett and Murphy 1997)Naidoo and Wills (2000) also suggest individuals may have personal experiences of illness and disease within their family or friend network therefore this will influence how the benefits are perceived.These modifying factors will influence the lik elihood of action and therefore determine if behaviour will change.As a result research conducted by Charron-Prochonwnik et al. (2001) found that changes to individual sexual behaviour correlated to the consideration of modifying factors such as social support, culture and positive attitudes resulting in safer behaviour.Additionally there are other features of the Transtheoretical Model of Change that are not easily applied to non-addiction type clinical problems. Howarth (1999) noted that the application of Transtheoretical Model of Change has promise in the field of eating behaviours but the translation is made difficult because the goal of smoking intervention is cessation whereas eating interventions is reducing intake of some foods and increasing the intake of others. Also in smoking interventions the main aim is to stop and is clearly understood by everyone. However in eating interventions the main aims are not so easily understood.Whereas in smoking research the outcome varia bles are reasonably simple compared to eating research where outcomes are more complex and the results variable. Ultimately smoking interventions target one behaviour whereas eating interventions focus on multiple behaviours. Furthermore there is the degree of difficulty in discontinuing smoking in the initial stages but as time progresses things get easier for the individual whereas eating more healthily can be easy at first but hard to maintain. Moreover when smoking discontinues it produces immediate physiological changes but eating interventions in the early stages only produce distant and pernicious changes.As a result behaviour change will not only be on the basis of potential benefits but may also be subject to internal and external cues. As previously mentioned campaigns can promote changes to behaviour and this would be considered an external cue, the individual is motivated by the message that is projected. (Naidoo and Wills 2000) However internal cues may also influence b ehaviour, this may be a change in physical health or psychological welfare which encourages the individual to ask for help from health care professionals.Daddario (2007) suggest that internal cues are most likely to change behaviour in individuals that are over weight. Clarke et al, (2000) further suggest that with the incorporation of self-efficacy, health models can be more effective in predicting behaviours this concept was developed by Bandura (1977) and can be set forth as an individuals confidence in their ability to complete a task.Finfgeld et al. (2003) also acknowledge that nurses can promote self-efficacy alongside models of health by reinforcing the importance of the component of individual capability in changing behaviours and can be used within educational and client centred approach to health education.In addition to self-efficacy Hughes (2004) considers the concept locus of control in order to maximise the use of various models of health. Locus of control refers to how the individual perceives control over their life and physical health. An individuals beliefs may be based on the idea that their health is subject to internal actions such as diet, lifestyle and as a result able to be changed. However in contrast others may believe that health is subject to external factors such as bad luck or fate.Just as important is the belief that religion and culture can contribute to the belief that health is predetermined and therefore cannot be influenced by behaviour changes. (Niven 1994, Naidoo and Wills 2000)Consequently Syx (2008) suggests effective questioning technique to establish where an individual places the locus of control, which should then determine how likely they are to engage in health education behaviours.In conclusion despite conflicting evidence for the transtheoretical model of change Macnee McCabe (2004) do not have conceptual concerns regarding this, but question the applicability of the model to specific populations. Sutton (200 1) also suggests that there are some serious problems with the existing methods used to measure the stages of change. For example, stage criteria are not consistent across studies that use the approach. Some studies do not include questions about past attempts to change, and various time frames are used as reference points which alter distribution of people across stages (Lerner, 1990 Nigg et al., 1999 Stevens Estrada, 1996 Weinstein et al., 1998).Finally, Littell and Girvan (2002) suggest that a continuous model of readiness for change may be more integrated with related concepts from other theories.It is also documented that healthcare professionals be able to distinguish readiness for change from readiness to participate in particular treatments, and that change may come about quickly as a result of life events, or external pressures. Accordingly at this time there is an increase in the number of studies criticising the model over conceptual, methodological analytical concerns. On the other hand there is an equal amount of evidence supporting the model, verifying the constructs, and showing support for application to modifying health behaviour.Therefore the benefit of understanding this model and maximising it to its full potential can support nurses and other health care professionals to practice in accordance to guidelines set out by both clinical and academic bodies. The NMC (2008) outline the responsibilities of nursing professionals to work in a professional manner and ongoing research provides evidence in how the model can be used with modifications to suit different needs. (Roden 2004a, 2004b)REFERENCE LISTBandura, A. (1977) Self-efficacy toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychology Review, Vol. 84, no.2, pp. 191-215Bennett, P., Murphy, S. (1997) Psychology and health promotion, Open University Press Buckingham.Browes, S. (2006) Health psychology and sexual health assessment. Nursing Standard, Vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 35-39Charron-Prochowni k, D., Sereika, S., M., Becker, D., Jacober, S., Mansfield, J., White, N., Hughes, S., Dean-McElhinny T., Trail, L. (2001) Reproductive health beliefs and behaviours in teens with diabetes application of the expanded health belief model. Paediatric Diabetes, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-39Clark, A. V., Hildegarde, L., Williams, A., Macpherson M. (2000) Unrealistic optimism and the health belief model. ledger of Behavioural Medicine, Vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 367-376Daddario, D. (2007) A review of the use of the health belief model for weight management. Medsurg Nursing, Vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 363-366DiClemente, C., Prochaska, J. (1982) Self-change and therapy change of smoking behaviour A comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance. Addictive Behaviours, Vol. 7, pp. 133-142.Downie, R., S., Tannahill, C., Tannahill, A., (1996) Health Promotion Models and Values, Oxford University Press Oxford.Ewles, L., Simnett, I. (2003) Promoting health a practical guide, 5th ed., Balliere Tind all Edinburgh.Finfgeld, D.L., Wongvatunyu, S., Conn, V.S., Grando, V.T., Russell, C.L., (2003) Health belief model and reversal theory a comparative analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 43, no.3, pp. 288-297Hughes, S. A. (2004) Promoting self-management and patient independence. Nursing Standard, Vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 47-52Lerner, C. (1990) The transtheoretical model of change Self-change in adolescent delinquent behaviours. Psychology. Kingston, RI, University of Rhode Island.Littell, J.H., Girvan, H. (2002) Behaviour modification. Available from. http//www.bmo.sagepub.comMacnee, C., McCabe, S. (2004) The Transtheoretical model of behaviour change and smokers in southern Appalachia. Nursing Research, Vol. 53, no.4. pp. 243-250Marshall, S., Biddle, S. (2001) The Transtheoretical model of behaviour change A meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, Vol. 23, no.4, pp. 229-246McClannahan, C., Shelvin, M., Adamson, G., Bennett , C., ONeill, B. (2007) Testicular self-examination. A test of the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour. Health education Research, Vol.22, no. 2, pp. 272-284Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (2000) Health promotion foundations for practice, 2nd ed., Bailliere Tindall Edinburgh.Nigg, C.R., Burbank, P.M., Paddula, C., Dafresne, R. (1999) The Gerontologist. Available from. http//www.oxfordjournals.orgNiven, N. (1994) Health psychology an introduction for nurses and other health care professionals, 2nd ed., Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh.Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2008) Standards of conduct, functioning and ethics for nurses and midwives, Nursing and Midwifery Council London.Ogden, J. (2004) Health Psychology A Textbook, 3rd ed., Open University Press Maidenhead.Patten, S., Vollman, A., Thurston, W. (2000) The utility of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change for HIV risk reduction in injection drug users. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, Vol. 1 1, no. 1, pp. 57-66Prochaska, J., DiClemente, C. (1983) Stages and processes of self-change of smoking Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 390-395Prochaska, J., DiClemente, C., Norcross, J. (1992) In search of how people change Applications to addictive behaviours. American Psychologist, Vol. 47, no.9, pp. 1002-1114Prochaska, J., DiClemente, C., Velicer, W., Ginpil, S., Norcross, J. (1985) Predicting change in smoking attitude for self-changers. Addictive Behaviours, Vol. 10, pp. 395-406Prochaska, J., Velicer, W. (1997) The Transtheoretical model of health behaviour change. American Journal of Health Promotion, Vol. 12, no.1, pp. 38-48Roden, J. 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A Comparison of High School and College :: Compare Contrast Comparring Essays

School plays an important role in our lives. Many people will spend more than fifteen long time at school in order to get the qualifications that are required to work in a specific field. Those years are broken raft into several levels, some of them being more enjoyable than others. Two very important levels that people go through are mellowed school and college. thus far though some think that these levels are almost the same, there are significant differences between them. The live of high school is not the same as the cost of college. Also, some differences apply from an academic point of view. Typically, the social environment also differs from high school to college, which can be related to the question of license versus responsibility. High school and college are different in many ways. It is true to say that college is more expensive than high school. Of course, it provides a higher level of gentility, solely that expensive fees make it h ard for those that come from low income families. At college you also have to buy books where in high school you borrow them from the school. Paying for education can get expensive, but some people pay even more than imaginable. Some cities do not have colleges, so students that want a higher education have to move away to another city where they can get a higher education. This often involves paying for an apartment, food and transportation. However, the cost is not the only thing to consider when comparing high school to college. As college provides a higher level of education, the amount of homework increases. At high school, where it is more of a general education, the time spent at home doing homework is a lot less. This does not mean that in high school, there is no work it just means that it is a lot easier in some sense. At college you can also choose from subjects related to your field of theater if you desired. There are also some differences between the social environment of students at high school and students at college. Since college students have more work to do at home, they have a limit on the time they can spend outside of school.

Complusive Gambling Essay -- Problem Gamblers Addiction Essays Papers

Complusive GamblingCompulsive gambling is a very addictive disease that can cost you more than its worth. So why do people become compulsive gamblers? In America 2-3% of adults are afflicted by this addiction. Four out of Five compulsive gamblers are men. oer 90% of compulsive gamblers have gambled since their mid-teens. There are umteen reasons why people become compulsive gamblers. Throughout my paper I will go over many types of research that have been done on this disorder and show you a variety of reasons why people subject themselves to this behavior.Problem gamblers do not ingest, inject, or inhale substances as chemically addicted people do. Just what is it to which they become addicted? The answer to this question is action. Action is an aroused, euphoric separate involving excitement, tension, and anticipation of the outcome of a gambling event. It is the thrill of living on the edge. Problem gamblers describe gambling as high similar to that experienced from many drugs. Some experience these sensations when just thinking about gambling, as well as when they are actually gambling. Action also has been described as a rush that may include rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, and even nausea. It is not uncommon for problem gamblers to describe being in action as snap off than drugs and better than sex. When they are in action, they lose track of time and sleep food, water, and using the bathroom become lower priorities than staying in action.Some doctors believe that gambling is considered an disposition control disorder. Which means that the individual is incapable or resisting his impulses to gamble. Others believe that it is an obsessive-compulsive disorder or a non-pharmacological addiction. This... ... it can turn into a serious problem. home(a) television shows have addressed these problems more frequently, this is important because many people limit their education to that of the TV. Further understanding of pathological gambling and addiction is steer by the development of better theory. Improved theory can guide research more effectively.BibliographyGoleman, D. (1989, October 3) USA Biology of brain may hold let out for gamblers. New York Times, p11.Pavalko. (1999). Problem gambling. National Forum p28 (5p.). Available Academic Search Elite http//ehostvgw18.epnet.com2002, April 10.Lorez V, Yaffee R. (1986). Pathological gambling psychosomatic, emotional and marital difficulties as reported by the gamblers. Journal of Gambling Behavior, p40.Marks I.M. (1987). Fears, phobias and Rituals. Oxford University Press, London, p337.